2025 Posters
The following posters will be presented in the Exhibit Hall at the 2025 Gulf Coast Conference.
Abstract # 106 - Poster - 10/14/2025 - 1:00 PM - South Lobby
Advancements in Tribological Testing: Modern Methods and Instrumentation for Enhanced Lubricant Performance
- Koehler Instrument Company
Tribology plays an essential role in industrial performance, where friction, wear, and lubrication significantly impact equipment reliability, energy efficiency, and operational costs. In high-stakes sectors such as petroleum and aviation, inadequate lubricant performance can lead to accelerated component degradation, unplanned downtime, and increased maintenance expenditures. To mitigate these risks, advanced tribological testing methods have been developed to evaluate lubricants under controlled, standardized conditions. This poster presents recent innovations in tribological testing, emphasizing techniques such as wear scar analysis and extreme pressure evaluation in accordance with ASTM standards. It explores the functionality and application of key instruments—including the Four-Ball Wear and EP Testers, BOCLE (Ball-On-Cylinder Lubricity Evaluator), and HFRR (High-Frequency Reciprocating Rig)—for assessing the tribological properties of aviation fuels, diesel fuels, greases, and lubricating oils. Analyzing wear mechanisms and identifying failure thresholds provides fundamental insights for optimizing lubricant formulations and extending equipment life. The integration of modern instrumentation with standardized testing protocols supports more precise and reproducible performance evaluations. These advancements are driving innovation in lubricant development, contributing to improved machinery reliability, reduced environmental impact, and enhanced sustainability across industrial applications.
Abstract # 107 - Poster - 10/14/2025 - 1:00 PM - South Lobby
Evaluating Air Release Properties in Lubricants: ASTM D3427 Compliance and Performance Benefits of Bio-Based Formulations
- Koehler Instrument Company
- Koehler Instrument Company
- Koehler Instrument Company
- Koehler Instrument Company
Trapped air in lubricants can negatively impact machinery performance, leading to inefficiencies, cavitation, and increased wear. To address this issue, standardized tribological testing methods have been developed to assess the air-release properties of lubricants under controlled conditions. This poster presents recent advancements in air release evaluation in accordance with ASTM D3427, a recognized method for determining the time required for dispersed air to separate from oil under specific temperature and pressure conditions. The study focuses on hydrocarbon-based lubricants, with particular attention to bio-based formulations such as epoxidized Karanja oil. Comparative analysis reveals that epoxidized oils exhibit significantly improved air release times when benchmarked against conventional base oils. These findings highlight the potential of functionalized bio-lubricants to enhance performance while supporting sustainability goals. By integrating standardized test protocols with advanced measurement techniques, researchers can gain deeper insights into lubricant behavior, enabling the development of formulations that improve system reliability, reduce operational risk, and extend machinery lifespan.
Abstract # 108 - Poster - 10/14/2025 - 1:20 PM - South Lobby
Flash Point Analysis for Ensuring Safety in the Storage and Transport of Petroleum Products
- Koehler Instrument Company
- Koehler Instrument Company
- Koehler Instrument Company
- Koehler Instrument Company
Flash and fire points are important safety measures that influence how petroleum products are handled and stored. These thermal properties determine the temperature at which flammable vapors are released and can ignite, making them key indicators for hazard classification, labeling, and regulatory compliance. In industrial settings where safety and environmental risks are elevated, accurate determination of flash points is essential for minimizing fire hazards and ensuring proper operational protocols. This poster presents the evaluation of flash and fire points using the Cleveland Open Cup method, conducted in accordance with ASTM D92. This standardized approach measures the lowest temperature at which the vapor above a petroleum sample momentarily ignites when exposed to an ignition source. Unlike closed-cup methods, the open-cup procedure closely simulates real-world conditions, such as open-air spills or leaks, providing a more comprehensive assessment of ignition risk. By identifying ignition thresholds, engineers and safety professionals can implement better safeguards, improve storage and transportation practices, and comply with safety regulations. The integration of standardized flash point testing into quality control protocols enhances both industrial safety and environmental responsibility across the petroleum sector.
Abstract # 109 - Poster - 10/14/2025 - 1:20 PM - South Lobby
Versatile Octane Engine Design for Evaluating Gasoline and Biofuel Blends
- Koehler Instrument Company
- Koehler Instrument Company
- Koehler Instrument Company
- Koehler Instrument Company
Octane rating is a fundamental parameter in assessing fuel quality, particularly for internal combustion engines where resistance to knocking is critical for optimal performance, efficiency, and emissions control. Higher octane numbers indicate a fuel’s greater ability to withstand premature ignition under pressure, which is essential for modern, high-compression engine designs. This poster presents the evaluation of octane performance using standardized testing protocols following ASTM D2699 for Research Octane Number (RON) and ASTM D2700 for Motor Octane Number (MON). These complementary methods provide a comprehensive understanding of a fuel’s behavior under varying operating conditions, from mild to severe. The testing system employs an engine with adjustable compression ratios, enabling accurate and repeatable octane measurements across a wide range of fuel formulations. Particular attention is given to bioethanol-gasoline blends, which demonstrate notable improvements in octane values as the proportion of bioethanol increases. This trend highlights the promise of renewable fuels not only in reducing environmental impact but also in enhancing engine performance. Standardized octane testing supports the development of advanced fuels that align with sustainability goals while meeting the performance demands of modern engines. By enabling precise characterization of combustion properties, this method can help in refining fuel formulations and guiding future innovations in the automotive and energy sectors.
Abstract # 110 - Poster - 10/14/2025 - 2:00 PM - South Lobby
Evaluating Flash Point Variability Using the Pensky-Martens Closed-Cup Method
- Koehler Instrument Company
- Koehler Instrument Company
- Koehler Instrument Company
- Koehler Instrument Company
- Koehler Instrument Company
- Koehler Instrument Company
Flash point determination is essential for ensuring the safe handling, storage, and transportation of combustible materials. To investigate this variability, flash point testing was conducted using a closed-cup method in accordance with ASTM D93. This standardized approach provides controlled, enclosed conditions to simulate real-world scenarios where vapor containment plays a significant role in ignition risk. The study specifically examined the impact of varying heating rates on flash point measurements, with results indicating a clear inverse relationship. As heating rates increased, flash point readings decreased significantly, with sulfur igniting at temperatures as low as 195°C under rapid heating conditions. These results emphasize the need for controlled testing environments, especially when evaluating volatile materials or those sensitive to impurities. In this regard, the closed-cup method provides this by simulating real-world enclosed environments.
Abstract # 111 - Poster - 10/14/2025 - 2:00 PM - South Lobby
High-Precision Kinematic Viscosity Measurement for Industrial Petroleum Products
- Koehler Instrument Company
- Koehler Instrument Company
- Koehler Instrument Company
- Koehler Instrument Company
- Koehler Instrument Company
Kinematic viscosity, defined as a fluid's resistance to flow under gravity, is a key characteristic that affects how lubricants perform in real-world conditions. In the context of lubricant performance, viscosity directly impacts film formation, load-bearing capacity, and energy efficiency in mechanical systems. Accurate viscosity measurements are essential for evaluating product consistency, ensuring quality control, and guiding formulation strategies in lubricant development. This poster highlights standardized kinematic viscosity testing conducted in accordance with ASTM D445 and ASTM D446. These procedures utilize a temperature-controlled bath designed to maintain uniform heating conditions and accommodate multiple capillary viscometers simultaneously. The dual-tank configuration supports precise thermal regulation and consistent liquid levels, ensuring stable testing environments across various temperature settings. The testing system enables reproducible measurements across a wide range of lubricant types, from light oils to high-viscosity greases. By replicating real-world operating temperatures, the method provides critical data on flow behavior, aiding in the selection and optimization of lubricants for specific applications.
Abstract # 112 - Poster - 10/14/2025 - 2:00 PM - South Lobby
Combating Salt Contamination in Crude Oil: Analysis and Desalting Techniques
- Koehler Instrument Company
- Koehler Instrument Company
- Koehler Instrument Company
- Koehler Instrument Company
- Koehler Instrument Company
- Koehler Instrument Company
- Koehler Instrument Company
The presence of inorganic salts in crude oil poses significant operational challenges in the refining process. These salts, primarily composed of sodium, calcium, and magnesium chlorides, can lead to equipment corrosion, heat exchanger fouling, and catalyst deactivation, ultimately reducing efficiency and increasing maintenance costs. Effective detection and removal of these contaminants are essential to maintaining refinery integrity and performance. This poster presents standardized methods for measuring salt content in crude oil, with a focus on ASTM D3230. This test method utilizes an electrical conductivity-based technique to quantify the total amount of dissolved salts, providing rapid and reliable results suitable for both field and laboratory analysis. Accurate salt measurement enables refiners to assess incoming crude quality and determine the effectiveness of pre-treatment processes. In addition to measurement techniques, the poster explores common desalting methods employed before distillation. These include water washing, which dilutes and extracts water-soluble salts, and electrostatic separation, which enhances phase separation and salt removal by applying a high-voltage electric field. Together, these practices support the mitigation of corrosion risks and improve operational efficiency.
Abstract # 113 - Poster - 10/14/2025 - 2:20 PM - South Lobby
Evaluating Grease Performance Under Water Exposure: Test Methods and Industrial Significance
- Koehler Instrument Company
- Koehler Instrument Company
- Koehler Instrument Company
- Koehler Instrument Company
- Koehler Instrument Company
Water contamination poses a significant threat to lubrication system performance, contributing to grease degradation, corrosion, and mechanical failure that can compromise equipment reliability and increase maintenance costs. In industries frequently exposed to high-moisture environments—such as mining, paper manufacturing, and food processing—the ability of lubricating greases to resist water intrusion is essential for ensuring operational efficiency and equipment longevity. To evaluate grease performance under wet conditions, standardized tribological testing protocols have been developed in accordance with ASTM methods. This poster highlights two key evaluations of water resistance: the ASTM D4049 Water Spray-Off Test and the ASTM D1264 Water Washout Test. These tests simulate real-world scenarios where greases are subjected to high-pressure water spray or continuous water flow while in service. ASTM D4049 measures the percentage of grease sprayed off a metal surface, while ASTM D1264 assesses grease loss from a bearing assembly subjected to water flow at elevated temperatures. By analyzing the extent of grease removal under these controlled conditions, researchers can identify lubricant formulations that offer superior resistance to water washout and spray-off. The results support the development of advanced greases designed to perform reliably in water-intensive applications. By quantifying grease loss under controlled water exposure, these methods provide reliable data to improve equipment protection and operational longevity.
Abstract # 114 - Poster - 10/14/2025 - 2:20 PM - South Lobby
Standardized Evaluation of Grease Flow Characteristics for Low-Temperature Applications
- Koehler Instrument Company
- Koehler Instrument Company
- Koehler Instrument Company
- Koehler Instrument Company
- Koehler Instrument Company
Lubricating greases undergo substantial viscosity increases at sub-zero temperatures, impeding flow and potentially causing mechanical failures in cold environments. To address this challenge, the industry requires reliable test methods that accurately characterize grease behavior under extreme cold conditions. This study presents an implementation of the Kesternich Method (DIN 51805) for quantitative assessment of grease flow properties at temperatures down to -50°C. Using a controlled-pressure approach with a Low-Temperature Grease Flow Tester, the method demonstrates high repeatability in determining flow points across multiple grease formulations. Experimental results establish a consistent exponential pressure-temperature relationship, validating the method's accuracy for comparative testing. With its rapid cooling capability and minimal sample requirements, this standardized approach enables efficient evaluation of low-temperature grease performance, supporting proper lubricant selection for industrial applications in arctic climates and cold-weather operations.
Abstract # 115 - Poster - 10/14/2025 - 2:20 PM - South Lobby
Automated Cold Flow Characterization of Petroleum Products: Enhancing Reliability in Cloud and Pour Point Analysis
- Koehler Instrument Company
- Koehler Instrument Company
- Koehler Instrument Company
- Koehler Instrument Company
- Koehler Instrument Company
- Koehler Instrument Company
The cold flow behavior of petroleum products, characterized by cloud point and pour point, is a key determinant of operational performance in fuel systems, lubricants, and pipeline transport. Traditional manual testing methods for these properties are prone to variability and inefficiency, potentially compromising quality control and leading to cold-weather operational failures such as fuel filter plugging or mechanical seizure. To address these challenges, automated instrumentation offers a robust solution for standardized and precise cold flow evaluation. This study demonstrates the application of an Automatic Cloud and Pour Point Analyzer, which employs optical detection for cloud points and an automated tilt method for pour point determination. The system’s integrated cooling, wireless test heads, and touch-screen interface minimize human error while improving repeatability and throughput. By comparing automated results with conventional methods, this work highlights the technology’s advantages for both conventional and biodiesel formulations, where accurate cold flow data are essential for preventing equipment failure and ensuring winter-grade fuel compliance. The adoption of such systems can enhance testing efficiency, support regulatory adherence, and optimize product formulation for diverse climatic conditions—ultimately reducing downtime and maintenance costs across the petroleum supply chain.
Abstract # 119 - Poster - 10/15/2025 - 12:30 PM - South Lobby
Advancements in high matrix neutralization for sample preparation of surface, ground, and wastewater samples.
- Biotage
- Biotage
- Biotage
Environmental laboratories routinely follow the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) 1600, 600, and 8000 series methods to analyze contaminants in surface water, groundwater, and wastewater. However, the physical and chemical complexity of these samples present significant challenges during sample preparation, including high particulate loads and matrix interferences. To address these challenges, many laboratories have adopted methods to reduce sample preparation volumes from the traditional 1L samples. While this approach minimizes handling difficulties, it can negatively impact laboratory reporting limits by increasing the detection limits for target analytes. To overcome these limitations, we introduce a novel 47mm depth filtration disk holder incorporating the ISOLUTE® HM-N filtration product. This system effectively neutralizes high-matrix interferences and integrates seamlessly with solid-phase extraction (SPE) techniques. Laboratories can process 1L wastewater samples in under 10 minutes with unprecedented ease and yield a 35% reduction in solvent use. This innovative sample matrix filtration approach enhances performance criteria by reducing detection limits, increasing accuracy, and improving precision when compared to traditional liquid-liquid extraction and micro-extraction techniques. This work highlights the transformative potential of this new technology to simplify and optimize sample preparation workflows. Environmental laboratories that implement the 47mm depth filtration disk holder for EPA 1600, 600, and 8000 series methods will maximize sample processing efficiency, improve sustainability, and produce reliable data.
Abstract # 125 - Poster - 10/15/2025 - 12:50 PM - South Lobby
Laboratory Atmospheric Distillation: ASTM D86 and Its Continued Use in the Modern Laboratory
- Koehler Instrument Company
- Koehler Instrument Company
- Koehler Instrument Company
- Koehler Instrument Company
- Koehler Instrument Company
Accurate distillation profiling of petroleum products is essential for evaluating fuel performance, safety, and end-use compatibility in automotive and aviation applications. This work presents a refined methodology using Koehler’s Front-View Distillation Apparatus to execute ASTM D86 batch distillation tests under controlled, repeatable conditions. By directly observing the boiling flask through a transparent window, operators can precisely identify key temperature endpoints corresponding to specific recovery percentages. The apparatus features a fully insulated stainless-steel condenser bath, a stepless 1250 W heater with rack-and-pinion elevation controls, and digital temperature regulation to maintain consistent vapor condensation. We detail optimized procedures for sample loading (100 mL), thermometer calibration, and condenser coolant management, ensuring minimal heat loss and accurate collection of distillate fractions. Comparative case studies demonstrate the apparatus’s capability to determine volatility characteristics of motor gasolines, aviation turbine fuels, kerosenes, naphthas, and distillate fuels up to Grade No. 2 diesel oil. Data obtained correlate distillation curves with engine startup behavior, warm-up efficiency, vapor-lock tendencies, and deposit formation risks due to high-boiling residues. In conclusion, this front-view design streamlines operator intervention, reduces test variability, and reinforces compliance with ASTM D86 specifications, providing laboratories and fuel producers a robust platform for safeguarding fuel quality and optimizing engine reliability.
Abstract # 126 - Poster - 10/15/2025 - 12:30 PM - South Lobby
Enhancing Jet Evaporation Methods for Precise Gum Content Measurement in Aviation and Automotive Fuels
- Koehler Instrument Company
- Koehler Instrument Company
- Koehler Instrument Company
- Koehler Instrument Company
- Koehler Instrument Company
Accurate quantification of gum content in fuels is critical to maintain engine reliability and prevent operational issues such as deposit formation, filter clogging, and component corrosion. This poster outlines advanced methodologies for determining gum content via the ASTM D381 jet evaporation test, emphasizing improvements in sample handling, instrumentation, and analytical controls. We highlight features of the Koehler Existent Gum Evaporation Bath, such as its built-in steam superheater, digital temperature regulation, and six-unit parallel testing capability, that streamline testing and reduce variability. Through a series of controlled experiments, we examine how trace metal contaminants (Cu, Fe, Ni, Zn, and Pb) accelerate gum formation in motor gasoline and gasohol blends over storage intervals (1, 2, and 4 weeks). Our data reveal that copper and iron exert the most pronounced effects on gum levels, underscoring the need for stringent metal deactivation strategies. Additionally, we discuss real-world implications of elevated gum contents in aviation turbine fuels, linking poor distribution practices to increased high-boiling residues and particulate matter, and reference Brazilian ANP regulations that cap gum at 5.0 mg/100 mL. Finally, best practices for minimizing oxidative gum precursors, including the use of antioxidants and stabilizers, are presented. Collectively, these enhancements to the ASTM D381 procedure enable laboratories to produce more reliable, reproducible gum measurements, ultimately safeguarding fuel system integrity and engine performance.
Abstract # 127 - Poster - 10/15/2025 - 12:30 PM - South Lobby
Advancements in Copper Corrosion Assessment for Petroleum‐Derived Products
- Koehler Instrument Company
- Koehler Instrument Company
- Koehler Instrument Company
- Koehler Instrument Company
- Koehler Instrument Company
Copper and copper alloys are universal in petroleum handling and processing equipment, yet they remain vulnerable to corrosive attack by various hydrocarbon streams. This poster introduces an integrated suite of improved laboratory techniques for evaluating copper corrosion induced by liquid and gaseous petroleum products, as well as lubricating greases. Building on established ASTM standards—D130 (copper strip test for liquid fuels), D1838 (copper strip test for liquefied petroleum gases), and D4048 (copper corrosion detection from greases), we detail refined sample preparation, instrumentation, and procedural controls that enhance reproducibility and sensitivity. Key innovations include optimized copper‐coupon surface preparation to reduce variability, precise thermal conditioning of test baths for consistent temperature control, and updated protocols for accelerated gas‐phase exposure. Comparative case studies demonstrate how these methods detect early‐stage corrosivity in aviation gasolines, diesel fuels, LPG mixtures, and industrial greases, correlating visual coupon discoloration with quantifiable corrosion indices. The results underscore the importance of rigorous copper‐strip testing in predicting material compatibility and guiding the design of corrosion‐resistant components in storage tanks, pipelines, and refinery systems. In conclusion, these advancements provide laboratories and manufacturers with a robust framework to safeguard copper‐based infrastructure and extend equipment service life in petroleum environments.
Abstract # 128 - Poster - 10/15/2025 - 12:30 PM - South Lobby
Precise Fuel Quality Assessment using Automated Ramsbottom Carbon Residue
- Koehler Instrument Company
- Koehler Instrument Company
- Koehler Instrument Company
- Koehler Instrument Company
- Koehler Instrument Company
Accurate quantification of carbon residue in petroleum products is critical for predicting deposit formation and ensuring reliable engine performance. This study evaluates the Koehler Ramsbottom Carbon Residue Apparatus, which incorporates microprocessor-controlled temperature regulation and over‐temperature protection circuitry to streamline ASTM D524 testing. In each analysis, a pre‐conditioned glass bulb is weighed before and after heating at 550 °C for 20 minutes; the residual carbon mass is recorded to calculate the percent carbon residue. Method validation was performed using diesel fuel samples, with duplicate measurements confirming repeatability (average RCR < 0.10 %). The device’s automatic temperature control and built‐in data logging significantly reduce operator variability and improve throughput compared to manual furnaces. Low carbon residue values observed in tested diesel samples demonstrate strong thermal stability and minimal deposit‐forming tendencies. By delivering fast, reproducible, and accurate RCR results, the apparatus supports quality control in refineries, blending facilities, and research laboratories, enabling timely decisions regarding fuel formulation, engine maintenance, and process optimization.
Abstract # 129 - Poster - 10/15/2025 - 12:30 PM - South Lobby
Assessing High-Temperature Stability of Middle Distillate Fuels via Advanced Reflectance Colorimetry
- Koehler Instrument Company
- Koehler Instrument Company
- Koehler Instrument Company
- Koehler Instrument Company
- Koehler Instrument Company
Reliable performance of middle distillate fuels (jet and diesel) hinges on their ability to resist oxidative degradation under elevated temperatures. This study employs the Koehler Reflectance Colorimeter to quantify filterable insoluble formation in distillate samples according to ASTM D6468. Two 50 mL fuel aliquots are incubated at 150 °C for prescribed intervals (90 min and 180 min), then cooled to ambient temperature in darkness to allow particulate aggregation. A vacuum filtration system collects insoluble residues on pre-weighed filter pads, which are subsequently placed atop the photosensor for reflectance measurement. Calibration of the instrument is achieved using a black cavity standard (0 % reflectance) followed by a reference plaque with a known reflectance value. Reflectance values are averaged across duplicate samples to yield a reliable indicator of fuel stability: lower percent reflectance corresponds to higher insoluble content and diminished thermal stability. By automating calibration, data capture, and averaging protocols, the K30700 unit provides rapid, reproducible insights into fuel quality. This reflectance-based approach enables early detection of oxidative degradation, supporting safer storage, transport, and in-service use of critical distillate fuels.
Abstract # 130 - Poster - 10/15/2025 - 12:50 PM - South Lobby
Automated Dielectric Breakdown Testing of Insulating Fluids per ASTM D877 and D1816
- Koehler Instrument Company
- Koehler Instrument Company
- Koehler Instrument Company
- Koehler Instrument Company
- Koehler Instrument Company
Electrical insulating fluids play a critical role in safeguarding high-voltage equipment by maintaining strong electrical resistance and preventing premature failure. This study presents the application of the Koehler Dielectric Breakdown Tester to assess dielectric strength and detect contamination in insulating oils according to ASTM D877 (disc electrodes) and ASTM D1816 (VDE electrodes). Sample preparation involves cleaning and aligning test electrodes, conditioning the fluid at a controlled ambient temperature (15 °C – 35 °C), and allowing a 10-minute equilibration period in the measuring cell. During testing, the voltage is ramped steadily until dielectric breakdown occurs; the instrument’s integrated LCD display and thermal printer capture real-time voltage curves and average breakdown voltages for each sample. Comparative analyses highlight that synthetic ester-based fluids consistently exhibit higher breakdown voltages, indicating superior insulating performance. Regular dielectric testing enables early detection of oil degradation or contamination, ensuring optimal protection for transformers and other critical components. By automating test cycles and providing precise, reproducible results, the Koehler tester supports industry efforts to extend equipment lifespan and uphold safety standards.
Abstract # 133 - Poster - 10/15/2025 - 12:50 PM - South Lobby
Modernizing Dropping Point Testing Using Thermocouples
- Koehler Instrument Company
- Koehler Instrument Company
- Koehler Instrument Company
- Koehler Instrument Company
The dropping point indicates the temperature at which a grease transitions from a semi-solid to a liquid state. This is an important parameter, since a grease that is fully liquid no longer possesses the same lubrication properties. This poster introduces enhancements to the traditional ASTM D2265 dropping point test. By incorporating a High Temperature Dropping Point Apparatus and by replacing the traditionally used mercury thermometers with thermocouples, we were able to create a safer and more accurate testing method. By modernizing the temperature sensing component, the new method not only maintains the same setup, heating rate, and sample requirements stipulated in ASTM D2265, it also greatly improves measurement precision, repeatability, and operator safety. Thermocouples allow for remote monitoring, which significantly lowers exposure risk to high-temperature equipment for an extended period of time. Thermocouples eliminate the use of mercury, a hazardous material linked to central nervous system, kidney, and liver damage. Thermocouples offer superior durability, longer service life, and reduced calibration needs. Furthermore, the redesigned setup eliminates the need for sample height alignment, significantly reducing errors that can be caused by the operator.
Abstract # 135 - Poster - 10/14/2025 - 1:00 PM - South Lobby
Sensitive Detection of Volatile Fatty Acids in High Ionic Water Matrix using Ion Chromatography hyphenated with Single Quad Mass
- Agilent
- Metrohm USA
Ion Chromatography has been an analytical tool since 1975. At least for the last two decades, ion chromatography has been hyphenated with mass spectrometer (IC-MS). Since then it has enabled the scientists to expand the horizon of analytical science. In this poster presentation, authors will highlight several applications using IC-MS as tool for advanced detection, especially highlighting Volatile Fatty Acids (VFA) in high ionic water matrices.
Abstract # 138 - Poster - 10/14/2025 - 1:00 PM - South Lobby
Automated workflow for high-throughput PFAS sample preparation for solid matrices following EPA method 1633
- Biotage
Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) are toxic compounds known for their persistence, potential health risks, and their ability to accumulate in living organisms, including humans. As the concern about PFAS contamination grows, analytical methods become paramount in accurately detecting and quantifying these substances across different sample types. This work focuses on an automated workflow for the extraction PFAS in solid samples. The study evaluates the extraction performance using United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) Method 1633 criteria for determining method detection limits (MDLs), precision, and accuracy for the determination of 40 target PFAS analytes. Sample homogenization, liquid extraction, solid phase extraction, solvent evaporation and concentration is performed in an efficient workflow utilizing the Biotage® Lysera, TurboVap® LV, and ExtraheraTM HV-5000. Results demonstrate measured detection limits, precision, and accuracy exceeding EPA method 1633 acceptance criteria for initial demonstration of capability. In addition, this work outlines a simple sample preparation technique that enables high throughput processing of samples while maintaining exceptional data quality. Advantages of this workflow include elimination of manual transfer steps, complete preparation of up to 24 samples in less than four hours, and minimal cleaning required between sample batches. In conclusion, this automated workflow offers a highly efficient and reliable solution for PFAS analysis in non-drinking water samples, addressing key challenges and surpassing EPA Method 1633 performance criteria.
Abstract # 139 - Poster - 10/15/2025 - 12:30 PM - South Lobby
Proposed ASTM Method for the Analysis of Water, Methanol and Ethyl Mercaptan in Liquid Petroleum Gas(LPG) by VUV LUMA GC Detection
- InnotechAlberta
- Perkin Elmer
Poster abstract submission for GCC consideration
Dissolved water in Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) can cause freeze-up difficulties in pressure reducing systems, leading to safety, corrosion, and operational issues in LPG distribution systems. The current industry practice is to measure water content using the valve freeze test (ASTM D2713) however this is an indirect measurement, it requires venting of LPG which is a safety hazard and cannot be adapted to on-line analysis or process control. There has long been an industry requirement for alternative standard methods to quantitate water in LPG.
Using gas chromatographic (GC) separations and the deconvolution (spectral) power of the LUMA detector, allows determination, at trace levels, water, methanol and ethyl mercaptan. The LUMA provides quantitation and qualification information of components to ensure false positives are not being reported. The researchers next steps will be to investigate certain permanent gases, hydrocarbon composition and other corrosive gases.
Abstract # 142 - Poster - 10/15/2025 - 12:30 PM - South Lobby
Benchmark Vision
- Lk-Industries
Subjectivity should not be present in test results. When it comes to measuring water and sediment in crude oil, objective results are key to proper customer transfer and quality measurement. LK's newest Benchmark Platinum Centrifuge helps operators achieve better results by ensuring ASTM methods are followed correctly and by also capturing important details like GPS location, technician ID, and date/time of a test. This information is easy to see on the unit’s new 7-inch HMI display. Paired with the industry's first BenchVision system, operators can capture and catalog an image of the sample result to ensure an audit trail is established.
Abstract # 149 - Poster - 10/15/2025 - 1:00 PM - South Lobby
Analyzing the Vapor Pressure Analyzer: Grasping the Reasons and Advancing the Methodology Behind Vapor Pressure Testing
- Koehler Instrument Company
- Koehler Instrument Company
- Koehler Instrument Company
Vapor pressure (VP) analysis is essential for evaluating the safety and performance of petrochemicals during storage, transportation, and use. Standardized since the 1930s with the adoption of ASTM D323, modern-day VP analysis has improved considerably, spurred by advancements in testing standards and instrumentation. This poster explores recent advancements in VP testing instrumentation, with particular focus on portable, automatic VP analyzers. These instruments are crucial to modern VP analysis due to their multi-standard testing capabilities, portability, operational ease and safety, and speed. Additionally, the poster examines the thermodynamics of VP generation and its importance to the petrochemical industry alongside the requirements a buyer should follow when purchasing a VP analyzer. Finally, it highlights a novel VP analyzer developed according to industry standards, demonstrating how it competes with increasingly expensive mainstream options while remaining cost-effective.
Abstract # 151 - Poster - 10/14/2025 - 2:00 PM - South Lobby
Holistic Analysis of Chemical and Physical Properties of Waste Plastic Pyrolysis Oil
- PAC AC ANALYTICAL CONTROL
Waste plastic pyrolysis oil (WPPO) is rapidly emerging as a viable alternative feedstock for the petrochemical sector, supporting circular economy practices. To address the complexity of WPPO characterization, PAC has developed a holistic analytical workflow that combines classical and advanced techniques for both chemical and physical property evaluation. Our studies applied a broad suite of methodologies, including true group type analysis, ppb level elemental analysis, complementary distillation covering simulated-physical-mini measurements etc. By using Flow Modulated GC×GC-FID & prefrac-Reformulyzer, we achieved detailed separation of olefins in heavier fractions, while mini-distillation (requiring only 10 mL of sample in ~10 minutes) provided rapid screening insights for process optimization. Simulated distillation revealed high paraffinic content and entrained heavy ends in light fractions, highlighting intrinsic challenges for upgrading. Traditional distillation confirmed product quality pathways for industry adoption. Complementary elemental analyses further clarified impurity profiles—one of the most critical barriers to widespread WPPO utilization. Further physical property analysis such as flash point, viscosity and pour point cemented the holistic characterization study enabling the process engineers to better finetune their processing conditions while both manufacturing and upgrading WPPO. This integrated framework provides a comprehensive understanding of WPPO properties, enabling researchers and process engineers to benchmark quality, optimize refining strategies, and secure reliable product specifications. By advancing practical, high-resolution analytical tools, PAC supports the petrochemical industry’s pursuit of innovation, efficiency, and sustainability through plastic circularity.
Abstract # 159 - Poster - 10/14/2025 - 1:00 PM - South Lobby
Improving Gas Sample Conditioning: Integrating a Heatless dryer for Optimal Nafion™ System Performance
- Perma Pure
- Perma Pure
Perma Pure Nafion™-based dryers rely on a clean, dry purge gas to effectively lower sample dew points for industrial gas analysis. In applications such as Continuous Emissions Monitoring Systems (CEMS) and biogas, clean instrument air is often unavailable, forcing reliance on ambient or semi-dry purge gas that reduces dryer efficiency and accelerates analyzer wear. Ultra-dry compressed cylinders provide performance but are costly, impractical in the field, and quickly depleted. To address this, Perma Pure integrates a compact Heatless Dryer upstream of the Hybrid Cooler, lowering purge dew points to ~–50 °C and boosting drying efficiency by up to 30%.
Abstract # 165 - Poster - 10/14/2025 - 1:00 PM - South Lobby
Evaluating Coastal Prairie Soils for Long-Term Carbon Removal
- University of Houston
- University of Houston
- University of Houston
Carbon Capture, Utilization, and Storage (CCUS) technologies are vital for reducing atmospheric CO₂. This study investigates the potential of coastal prairie soils at the University of Houston Coastal Center (UHCC) to act as long-term carbon sinks. Thirty-five soil samples from topsoil and subsoil layers were analyzed using RockEval 6 pyrolysis. TOC ranged from 0.16% to 4.05%, with S1 values of 0.02-0.13 mg/g and S2 values of 0.17-6.63 mg/g, revealing variability in labile and resistant carbon pools. These findings highlight the potential of prairie soils in scalable, cost-effective carbon dioxide removal (CDR) strategies.
Abstract # 186 - Poster - 10/15/2025 - 12:30 PM - South Lobby
A New Software Tool for Standardization of GCxGC Group-Type Templates
- LECO Corporation
- LECO Corporation
- LECO Corporation
As routine methods using comprehensive multidimensional gas chromatography (GCxGC) gain acceptance, creative solutions to traditional standardization challenges have emerged. One such solution is the LECO ChromaTOF feature “Classification Correction,” which allows for the simple adjustment of group-type templates between samples collected with different acquisition parameters. Designed to compensate for retention time shifts due to routine GC maintenance such as column trimming or replacement, “Classification Correction” enables the creation of shareable methods from system-to-system and provides valuable time-savings, easing the adoption of newer, more efficient routine GCxGC analyses. This poster shows the utility of the ChromaTOF software package for not only the bulk group-type analysis of alternative aviation fuels, but also the power of detailed hydrocarbon analysis made possible when GCxGC is coupled to time-of-flight mass spectrometry (TOFMS).
Abstract # 196 - Poster - 10/14/2025 - 1:00 PM - South Lobby
Supercritical Fluid Cartridges for Calibration
- Liquen Technologies
- Liquen Technologies
- Liquen Technologies
- Liquen Technologies
Liquen Technologies develops portable, affordable, and reliable tools for calibrating gas analyzers and sensors. Our patent pending technology takes advantage of the unique solvating and physical properties of supercritical fluids. When a cartridge is heated above its critical temperature of 31.1°C, CO2 becomes a supercritical fluid having a uniform density (single phase), making it possible to deliver constant concentrations of pollutant gases at trace (ppb and ppm) levels. CO2 cartridges produce ~4 times more gas volume than a pressurized cylinder of the same physical volume and pressure. Notably, nano and micron sized polystyrene latex microspheres are well dispersed and dynamically delivered.
Abstract # 200 - Poster - 10/14/2025 - 2:00 PM - South Lobby
Rheological Characterization of Lubricating Greases in Accordance with DIN 51810
- Anton Paar USA
Lubricating greases are critical for reliable mechanical performance under extreme conditions. Standardized rheological testing is essential to characterize their viscoelastic and temperature-dependent behavior. In this study, greases of various National Lubricating Grease Institute (NLGI) grades were evaluated using an Anton Paar Modular Compact Rheometer (MCR) equipped with a Peltier Temperature Device (PTD), in accordance with DIN 51810. Part 1 measured shear viscosity of NLGI grade 1 grease; Part 2 assessed yield and flow points of grades 0–2 at +25 °C and –40 °C; Part 4 determined consistency of metal-saponified greases. Results confirm the Anton Paar MCR with PTD as an accurate, reproducible, cost-effective tool for grease classification.
Abstract # 201 - Poster - 10/14/2025 - 2:00 PM - South Lobby
Advanced Fuel and Petrochemical Analysis with Comprehensive Two-Dimensional Gas Chromatography (Flow Modulated GCxGC-FID)
- Precision Analyzer Company (PAC)
As the energy and chemical sectors undergo rapid transformation, analytical demands for characterizing increasingly diverse and complex feedstocks are growing. Conventional fuels, sustainable aviation fuel (SAF), waste-derived pyrolysis oils, and emerging renewable intermediates all present compositional challenges that cannot be fully resolved by one-dimensional gas chromatography. Comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography (Flow Modulated GCxGC-FID) addresses this need by providing superior separation efficiency, structured group-type analysis, and enhanced quantification reliability.
Following the framework of ASTM D8396, Flow Modulated GCxGC-FID enables laboratories to routinely determine mass percentages of paraffins, naphthenes, and aromatics—critical information for both conventional jet fuel compliance and the qualification of new SAF pathways. This capability ensures not only safety and performance at altitude but also supports regulatory and sustainability reporting requirements. Beyond aviation fuels, the same Flow Modulated GCxGC-FID approach is increasingly relevant for petrochemical streams, where detailed group-type distribution provides insights into process optimization and catalyst performance.
The poster will highlight real raw data demonstrating how Flow Modulated GCxGC-FID delivers actionable compositional insights across fuels and petrochemical streams, including examples with emerging renewable feeds. These results illustrate how multidimensional chromatography is moving from advanced research into routine, reliable analysis, enabling industry stakeholders to accelerate innovation while ensuring compliance and quality.
Abstract # 203 - Poster - 10/15/2025 - 12:30 PM - South Lobby
Advancing sustainable fuel characterisation with GC×GC
- SepSolve Analytical
- SepSolve Analytical
- SepSolve Analytical
- SepSolve Analytical
- SepSolve Analytical
Comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography (GC×GC) provides a robust solution for characterising sustainable aviation fuels (SAFs) and other renewable fuel streams. Its enhanced separation capacity resolves the complexity of hydrocarbon mixtures, while detection with flame ionisation or time-of-flight mass spectrometry delivers both quantitative and qualitative data. This enables detailed class distribution profiling, trace component identification, and effective monitoring against regulatory requirements. Compared with conventional GC, GC×GC offers higher peak capacity and structured chromatograms, delivering greater confidence in assessing fuel composition, performance, and stability - supporting the development and deployment of low-carbon energy sources.
Abstract # 205 - Poster - 10/15/2025 - 12:30 PM - South Lobby
Driving efficiency in petrochemical analysis with hyper-fast GC
- SepSolve Analytical
- SepSolve Analytical
- SepSolve Analytical
- SepSolve Analytical
- SepSolve Analytical
Petrochemical streams demand rapid and reliable analysis to support both process monitoring and quality control. Conventional GC methods often lack the speed required, limiting throughput and delaying operational decisions. Hyper-fast GC overcomes these challenges by delivering high-resolution separations in seconds through flow-field thermal gradient technology. A dedicated cooling system enables low starting temperatures (around 20 °C) while the negative thermal gradient slows the peak front relative to the tail, ensuring consistently sharp, Gaussian-shaped peaks.The result is a energy-efficient platform that improves laboratory productivity and provides faster insight for decision-making in petrochemical workflows.
Abstract # 206 - Poster - 10/15/2025 - 12:30 PM - South Lobby
The Model E Advantage: Precision Ethanol Analysis for Fuel Blenders and Refiners
- CFR - WI Instruments
Volatile feedstock prices, tightening specifications, and decarbonization incentives are compressing margins across the fuel‑ethanol value chain—from fermentation through dehydration, denaturing, and final gasoline blending. Producers and blenders must verify ethanol purity, water and methanol content, and denaturant levels quickly and defensibly to meet regulatory and contractual limits while minimizing product giveaway and rework.
WI Instruments’ Model E, a compact benchtop ethanol analyzer that uses a patented solid-state based Mid-IR spectrometer with integrated chemometric models to deliver laboratory-grade precision and accuracy in a single streamlined run, typically completed within minutes, with minimal operator involvement. The instrument’s robust design with no moving optical components, no fragile optics that require desiccants or purging, automated self-verification routines, integrated chemometric models, and rapid measurement cycle are designed to sustain calibration stability and traceability under high-throughput conditions typical of production QC labs.
We present a multi-site evaluation spanning fuel‑grade ethanol, intermediate process streams, and fuel ethanol blends. Precision and bias are benchmarked against referee methods commonly used in the industry, demonstrating that Model E achieves repeatability, reproducibility, and accuracy within typical ASTM/ISO method tolerances while reducing analysis cycle time and consumables to near zero. Workflow and economic impacts are further quantified with an operator time study and a cost-of-quality model that captures avoided off-spec batches, faster release decisions, and reduced solvent/disposal costs versus conventional wet-chemistry and chromatographic techniques. Best-practice guidance is offered for method validation, routine verification, and calibration governance to ensure sustained confidence throughout the instrument lifecycle.
Model E enables ethanol producers and blenders to maintain compliance, protect yield, and respond faster to process excursions—delivering actionable, defensible measurements at the speed modern operations demand.
Abstract # 210 - Poster - 10/14/2025 - 1:00 PM - South Lobby
Unveiling Microplastics: Precision Analysis Using Py-GCMS Technology
- Thermo Fisher Scientific
- Thermo Fisher Scientific
- Thermo Fisher Scientific
This poster highlights the application of Pyrolysis-Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (Py-GCMS) in the precise determination of microplastics in environmental samples. Py-GCMS offers a robust analytical approach, enabling the identification and quantification of microplastic polymers with high sensitivity and specificity. Our findings demonstrate the method's efficacy in detecting various polymer types, including polyethylene, polypropylene, and polystyrene, even at trace levels. The integration of Py-GCMS not only enhances the accuracy of microplastic analysis but also provides critical insights into their environmental distribution and potential impact. This advanced technique is pivotal for researchers aiming to address the growing concern of microplastic pollution.
Abstract # 211 - Poster - 10/14/2025 - 1:20 PM - South Lobby
VOC Air Analysis by TD-GCMS Using Hydrogen Carrier Gas: A Sustainable, High-Performance Solution
- Thermo Fisher Scientific
This poster presents the analysis of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) using thermal desorption coupled with GC-MS, leveraging hydrogen as carrier gas. Hydrogen offers faster separations, improved chromatographic resolution, and reduced operating costs compared to helium, while supporting laboratories in meeting sustainability goals. The method achieves sub-ppb detection limits for target VOCs with excellent linearity and reproducibility. Results confirm that hydrogen does not compromise GCMS data quality and enables high-throughput analysis crucial for environmental monitoring. This approach provides a robust, cost-effective, and future-proof solution for laboratories facing helium supply challenges.
Abstract # 219 - Poster - 10/15/2025 - 12:50 PM - South Lobby
Capturing Fluid Contamination: A Snapshot into the Automatic Direct-Imaging Fluid Particle Analyzer
- Koehler Instrument Company
- Koehler Instrument Company
- Koehler Instrument Company
Fluid purity is critical for the reliable operation of equipment that relies on operational fluids such as fuels, lubricants, hydraulic oils, and gases. Contaminated fluids can cause premature component wear, performance issues, equipment failure, and financial loss, depending on the severity. Typical contaminants such as water, dirt, and metal particles are often introduced during fluid production, transportation, or use. To ensure fluid cleanliness, wear particle analysis must be performed whenever contamination risk is high. Automatic contaminant particle analyzers streamline this process using highly-sensitive cameras, high-contrast lighting, and precisely-timed software to determine wear particle type, size, and concentration. This information enables producers, shippers, and end-users to identify and remediate any sources of contamination, helping maintain fluid integrity throughout the supply chain. This poster examines an automatic particle analyzer, a direct-imagining based instrument capable of multi-dimensional particle analysis. It also explores the advantages of optical particle analysis compared to laser-based and manual methods.
Abstract # 220 - Poster - 10/14/2025 - 2:20 PM - South Lobby
Modern Day Lubrication Demands: Exploring Lubricant Analysis Instrumentation for Electric Vehicle (EV) Lubricants
- Koehler Instrument Company
- Koehler Instrument Company
- Koehler Instrument Company
Electric vehicle (EVs) adoption continues to rise as passenger, fleet, and commercial sectors increase EV usage. As the automotive industry shifts towards electrification, the integration of high-voltage mechanical systems introduces new lubrication challenges. Therefore, EV powertrain lubrication requirements differ from those of conventional internal combustion-engine powertrains. EV powertrain bearings must handle increased axial loads, higher rotational speeds, and specific electrical conductivity requirements. Depending on the application, EV-specific lubricants may need to perform under high-speed, high-load, and high-voltage conditions. Additional requirements include noise dampening, copper compatibility, cooling capability, and high-temperature stability. Lubricant analysis plays a crucial role in ensuring these lubricants meet new and traditional tribological standards. This poster explores the real-life challenges EV lubricants face and highlights solutions provided by lubricant analysis instrumentation. These sophisticated tools accelerate testing by automating ASTM and related procedures, enabling faster, more reliable, and repeatable analysis for improved lubricant research and development.
Abstract # 223 - Poster - 10/14/2025 - 1:00 PM - South Lobby
Microplastics – An Emerging Contaminate of Concern: Reference Material Design
- LGC Standards
There has been a rapid increase in research surrounding microplastics. In 2014, there were 20 publications in the Elsevier’s Scopus database with “microplastics” as a key word. That increased to almost 6,000 in 2024. The discovery that microplastics bioaccumulate in the liver, kidneys, lungs, and brain has spurred research in method development for environmental testing, food testing, and toxicology. The lack of reference materials, however, makes it difficult to compare and validate methods. The large variability in microplastic type, size, and morphology complicates the design process. This work shows the challenges in
Abstract # 224 - Poster - 10/14/2025 - 2:00 PM - South Lobby
Molecular Rotational Resonance Technique for Rapid Analysis of Small Polar Impurities in Complex Mixtures
- Lamar University
- BrightSpec
We report recent advances in applying molecular rotational resonance (MRR) spectroscopy to environmental and petroleum analysis. Specifically, BrightSpec MRR techniques were employed (i) to monitor the products of heated mixtures of sulfur dioxide (SO₂) and oxygen (O₂) in the presence of ammonium metavanadate (NH₄VO₃) as a catalyst, and (ii) to directly detect small polar impurities in gasoline. The resulting spectra exhibited rich but well-resolved rotational patterns, reflecting MRR’s inherent sensitivity to polar analytes. Spectral analysis enabled unambiguous identification of multiple species without requiring chemical separation. Linearity tests and limit-of-detection studies confirmed the analytical robustness of the method. These findings highlight the key advantages of MRR—high resolution, molecular specificity, and rapid multi-component detection in a single measurement. Ongoing efforts on expanding the range of applications to complex chemical systems will be given in this presentation
Abstract # 244 - Poster - 10/15/2025 - 12:30 PM - South Lobby
In an effort to reduce carbon emissions, the international community is actively moving towards the implementation of decarbonized
- InnotechAlberta
- Perkin Elmer
- Perkin Elmer
In an effort to reduce carbon emissions, the international community is actively moving towards the implementation of decarbonized solutions for use in energy production and transportation. Hydrogen is an energy dense alternative to carbon-based fuels which many industries are exploring to reduce greenhouse gas and carbons emissions. Hydrogen fuel purity is essential to maintain safe, efficient, and long-lasting operation of hydrogen fuel cell technology. Presently, ISO 14687:2019 and SAE J2719:2020 are the prevailing hydrogen fuel standards for quality specifications. These standards outline the upper limits of specific contaminants known to reduce the efficiency of fuel cell technology and potentially cause irreversible damage to critical fuel cell components. This presentation will dive into hydrogen purity analysis using gas chromatography and infrared spectroscopy for trace level detection of contaminants for hydrogen fuel specification testing. Data presented will demonstrate the ability of GC and IR to meet and/or exceed the required detection limits and criteria for current hydrogen fuel purity certification. Topics will also include considerations for instrument calibration and operation to ensure a laboratory is equipped for success as demands for hydrogen purity analysis grow.
Abstract # 246 - Poster - 10/15/2025 - 12:30 PM - South Lobby
Enhance Oil & Gas Lab Efficiency with AI and Clear Data Insights
- Thermo Fisher Scientific
Thermo Scientific™ SampleManager™ LIMS provides the structured data backbone that enables clear, decision-ready insights and responsible use of AI/ML—unlocking the hidden value in your data. By contextualising results, methods and metadata in one platform, SampleManager LIMS turns raw laboratory output into actionable insights that support confident decision-making across oil & gas workflows.
The Data Analytics Solutions for SampleManager LIMS accelerate implementation with pre-configured capabilities: the Autonomous Test Revisor (ATR) applies lab-specific AI models to flag anomalous results and support review-by-exception; the AI Solution adds exploratory analysis, profiling and forecasting to help predict test results and future sample volumes; and Business Intelligence (BI) dashboards deliver interactive KPI views—spanning resource availability, stock status and process performance—with drill-down clarity. Together, these tools surface trends and exceptions sooner, contextualise results, and help teams act with confidence while maintaining established review and release processes.
Abstract # 248 - Poster - 10/14/2025 - 2:00 PM - South Lobby
A chemometric machine learning framework for oil classification: A California case study
- University of Houston
- University of Houston
- University of Houston
- University of Houston
- University of Houston
Chemometrics, enhanced by machine learning, enables advanced analysis of oil geochemistry for reservoir characterization, exploration, and environmental monitoring. Using a dataset from Peters et al. (2008), we developed a decision tree model to classify California oils, seeps, tar balls, and source-rock extracts based on 19 geochemical ratios, achieving ~91% training accuracy but with signs of overfitting. Feature importance highlighted biomarkers such as bisnorhopane. Expanding to 82 new California crude oil samples with GC-MS/MS, we incorporated unconventional biomarkers, including diamondoids and carbazoles, and compared multiple ML approaches, showing promise for broader oil classification applications.
Abstract # 281 - Poster - 10/15/2025 - 12:30 PM
Co-polymer structural differentiation using Electron-Assisted Dissociation Mass Spectrometry
- SCIEX
Co-polymers, made of two or more different monomer units, are classified by monomer arrangement. Random co-polymers have monomers distributed irregularly, while block co-polymers contain long, uniform segments. Differentiating between these types is crucial for applications in material science, where the specific arrangement of monomers can significantly influence the material's properties and performance. This study explores the application of ESI (Electrospray Ionization)-EAD (Electron-activated dissociation)-TOF (Time-of-flight) mass spectrometry for differentiating random and block copolymers. EAD generates unique fragmentation patterns, offering comprehensive structural insights. Our findings highlight the potential of EAD to enhance the accuracy and reliability of co-polymer characterization.
